Selected References

Virunga Volcanoes

Aveling, C. & Aveling, R. (1989) Gorilla conservation in Zaire. Oryx 23 (2), 64-70.

Aveling, C. & Harcourt, A. H. (1984) A census of the Virunga gorillas. Oryx 18 (1), 8-13.

Aveling, R. & Aveling, C. (1987) Report from the Zaire gorilla conservation project. Primate Conservation 8, 162-164.

Baumgärtel, W. (1958) The Muhavura gorillas. Primates 1, 79-83.

Baumgärtel, W. (1959) The last British gorillas. Geographical Magazine, London, 32, 32-41.

Baumgärtel, W. (1976) Up among the mountain gorillas. New York (Hawthorn Books).

Beringe, O. von (1903) Bericht des Hauptmanns von Beringe über seine Expedition nach Ruanda. Deutsches Kolonialblatt, 234-235, 264-266, 296-298, 317-319.

Bradley, B. J. et al. (2005) Mountain gorilla tug-of-war: silverbacks have limited control over reproduction in multimale groups. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 102 (26), 9418-9423.

Butynski, T. (1991) Status, distribution and conservation of the mountain gorilla in the gorilla game reserve, Uganda. Gorilla Conservation News 5, 26-27.

Byers, A. C. & Hastings, B. (1991) Mountain gorilla mortality and climatic factors in the Parc National des Volcans, Ruhengeri Prefecture, Rwanda, 1988. Mountain research and development 11 (2), 145-151.

Byrne, R. W. & Byrne, J. M. E. (1993) Complex leaf-gathering skills of mountain gorillas: variability and standardization. American Journal of Primatology 31, 241-261.

Byrne, R. W. et al. (2001) Estimating the complexity of animal behaviour: how mountain gorillas eat thistles. Behaviour 138, 525-557.

Caro, T. M. (1976) Observations on the ranging behaviour and daily activity of lone silverback mountain gorillas. Anim. Behav. 24, 889-897.

Czekala, N. & Sicotte, P. (2000) Reproductive monitoring of free-ranging female mountain gorillas by urinary hormone analysis. American Journal of Primatology 51, 209-215.

Donisthorpe, J. (1958) A pilot study of the mountain gorilla. South African Journal of Science 54, 195-217.

Emlen, J. T. & Schaller, G. B. (1960) Distribution and status of the mountain gorilla, 1959. Zoologica New York 45, 41-52.

Fossey, D. (1970) Making friends with mountain gorillas. National Geographical Magazine 137, 48-67.

Fossey, D. (1971) More years with mountain gorillas. National Geographic Magazine 140, 574-585.

Fossey, D. (1972) Vocalisations of the mountain gorilla. Animal Behaviour 20, 36-53.

Fossey, D. (1974) Observations on the home range of one group of mountain gorillas. Animal behaviour 22, 568-581.

Fossey, D. (1979) Development of the mountain gorilla: The first thirty-six months. In: The great apes, D. A. Hamburg & E. McCown (eds.), Benjamin/Cummings, Menlo Park, pp. 139-184.

Fossey, D. (1982) Reproduction among free-living mountain gorillas. American Journal of Primatology, Suppl. 1, 97-104.

Fossey, D. (1984) Infanticide in mountain gorillas with comparative notes on chimpanzees. Pp. 217-235 in: Hausfater, G. & Hrdy, S. B. (eds.) Infanticide. New York (Aldine).

Fossey, D. & Harcourt, A. H. (1977) Feeding ecology of free-ranging mountain gorillas. Pp. 415-447 in: Clutton-Brock, T. H. (ed.) Primate ecology. London (Academic Press).

Harcourt, A. H. (1977) Virunga gorillas - the case against translocations. Oryx 13, 469-472.

Harcourt, A. H. (1978) Activity periods and patterns of social interaction: a neglected problem. Behaviour 66, 121-135.

Harcourt, A. H. (1978) Strategies of emigration and transfer by primates, with particular reference to gorillas. Z. Tierpsych. 48, 401-420.

Harcourt, A. H. (1979) Contrasts between male relationships in wild gorilla groups. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 5, 39-49.

Harcourt, A. H. (1979) Social relationships among female mountain gorillas. Animal Behaviour 27, 251-264.

Harcourt, A. H. (1979) Social relationships between adult male and female mountain gorillas. Animal Behaviour 27, 325-342.

Harcourt, A. H. (1979) The social relations and group structure of wild mountain gorillas. Pp. 187-192 in: Hamburg, D. A. & McCown, E. (eds.) The great apes. Menlo Park (Benjamin/Cummings)

Harcourt, A. H. (1981) Intermale competition and the reproductive behavior of the great apes. Pp. 301-318 in: Graham, C. E. (ed.) Reproductive biology of the great apes. New York (Academic Press).

Harcourt, A. H. (1989) Social influences on competitive ability: alliances and their consequences. Pp. 223-242 in: Standen, V. & Foley, R. A. (eds.) Comparative socio-ecology. Oxford (Blackwell).

Harcourt, A. H. et al. (1980) Reproduction in wild gorillas and some comparisons with chimpanzees. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, Suppl. 28, 59-70.

Harcourt, A. H. & Fossey, D. (1981) The Virunga gorillas: decline of an 'island' population. African Journal of Ecology 19, 83-97.

Harcourt, A. H. et al. (1983) Virunga gorilla population. African Journal of Ecology 21(2), 139-142.

Harcourt, A. H. & Groom, A. F. G. (1972) Gorilla census. Oryx 11, 355-363.

Harcourt, A. H. & Stewart, K. J. (1978) Sexual behaviour of wild mountain gorillas. Pp. 611-612 in: Chivers, D. J. & Herberts, J. (eds.) Recent advances in primatology Vol. 1. London (Academic Press).

Harcourt, A. H. & Stewart, K. J. (1978) Coprophagy by wild mountain gorillas. East African Wildlife Journal 16, 223-225.

Harcourt, A. H. & Stewart, K. J. (1981) Gorilla male relationships: can differences during immaturity lead to contrasting reproductive tactics in adulthood? Anim. Behav. 29, 206-210.

Harcourt, A. H. & Stewart, K. J. (1984) Gorillas' time feeding: aspects of methodology, body size, competition and diet. African Journal of Ecology 22, 207-215.

Harcourt, A. H. & Stewart, K. J. (1985) Competition and cooperation in a gorilla population. National Geographic Society Research Reports 20, 321-329.

Harcourt, A. H. & Stewart, K. J. (1989) Functions of alliances in contests within wild gorilla groups. Behaviour 109, 176-190.

Harcourt, A. J. & Stewart, K. J. (1996) Function and meaning of wild gorilla 'close' calls. 2. Correlations with rank and relatedness. Behaviour 133, 827-845.

Harcourt, A. H. et al. (1976) Male emigration and female transfer in wild mountain gorillas. Nature 263, No. 5574, 226-227.

Harcourt, A. H. et al. (1986) Vocalizations and social relationships of wild gorillas. Pp. 346-356 in: Taub, D. M. & King, F. A. (eds.) Current perspectives in primate social dynamics. New York (Van Nostrand Reinhold).

Harcourt, A. H. et al. (1993) Function of wild gorilla 'close' calls: I. repertoire, context and interspecific comparison. Behaviour 124, 89-122.

Imanishi, K. (1958) Gorillas: a preliminary survey in 1958. Primates 1 (2), 73-78.

Kalpers, J. et al. (2003) Gorillas in the crossfire: population dynamics of the Virunga mountain gorillas ove the past three decades. Oryx 37, 326-337.

Kawai, M. & Mizuhara, H. (1962) An ecological study on the wild mountain gorilla. Primates 2, 1-42.

Lukas, D. et al. (2004) Major histocompatibility complex and microsatellite variation in two populations of wild gorillas. Molecular Ecology 13, 3389-3402.

MacKinnon, J. (1976) Mountain gorillas and bonobos. Oryx 13, 372-382.

Mahaney, W. C. et al. (1995) Mountain gorilla geophagy: a possible seasonal behavior for dealing with the effects of dietary changes. International Journal of Primatology 16, 475-488.

Mahaney, W. C. et al. (1990) Geophagia by mountain gorillas in the Virunga mountains, Rwanda. Primates 31, 113-120.

McNeilage A. (1996) Ecotourism and mountain gorillas in the Virunga volcanoes. In: Taylor, V. J. (ed.) The Exploitation of Mammal Populations, pp. 334-344. London, Chapman & Hall.

Plumptre, A. J. (2003) Lessons learned from on-the-ground conservation in Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Pp. 71-91 in: Price, S. V. (ed.) War and tropical forests. New York (Food Products Press).

Robbins, A. M. & Robbins, M. M. (2005) Fitness consequences of dispersal decisions for male mountain gorillas. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 58, 295-309.

Robbins, A. M. et al. (2007) Maternal investment of the Virunga Mountain gorillas. Ethology 113, 235-245.

Robbins, M. (1996) Male-male interactions in heterosexual and all-male wild mountain gorilla groups. Ethology 102, 942-965.

Robbins, M. M. (1999) Male mating patterns in wild multimale mountain gorilla groups. Animal Behaviour 57:1013-1020.

Robbins, M. M. & Czekala, N. M. (1997) A preliminary investigation of urinary testosterone and cortisol levels in wild male mountain gorillas. American Journal of Primatology 43, 51-64.

Robbins, M. M. & Robbins, A. M. (2004) Simulation of the population dynamics and social structure of the Virunga mountain gorillas. American Journal of Primatology 63(4), 201-223

Robbins, M. M. et al. (eds.) (2001) Mountain Gorillas. Three Decades of Research at Karisoke. Cambridge (Cambridge University Press)

Schaller, G. B. (1965) The behaviour of the mountain gorilla. Pp. 324-367 in: DeVore, I. (ed.) Primate behavior. New York (Holt, Rinehart & Winston).

Sherwood, C. C. et al. (2004) Brain structure variation in great apes, with attention to the mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei). American Journal of Primatology 63, 149-164.

Sicotte, P. (1993) Inter-group encounters and female transfer in mountain gorillas on male behavior. American Journal of Primatology 30, 21-36.

Sicotte, P. (1994) Effect of male competition on male-female relationships in bi-male groups of mountain gorillas. Ethology 97, 47-64.

Sicotte, P. (1995) Interpositions in conflicts between males in bimale groups of mountain gorillas. Folia Primatologica 65, 14-24.

Sicotte, P. (2000) A case study of mother-son transfer in mountain gorillas. Primates 41, 93-101.

Sicotte, P. (2001) Female mate choice in mountain gorillas. S. 59-87 in: Robbins, M. M. et al. (eds.) Mountain Gorillas. Cambridge (Cambridge University Press)

Sleeman, J. M. et al. (2000) Gastrointestinal parasites of mountain gorillas in the Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 31, 322-328.

Stewart, K. J. (1977) The birth of a wild mountain gorilla (Gorilla gorilla beringei). Primates 18, 965-976.

Vedder, A. L. (1984) Movement patterns of a group of free-ranging mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei) and their relation to food availability. American Journal of Primatology 7, 73-88.

Vedder, A. & Weber, W. (1990) The Mountain Gorilla Project (Volcanoes National Park). In: Living with Wildlife: Wildlife Resource Management with Local Participation in Africa. World Bank Technical Paper No. 130 (ed. A. Kiss), pp. 83-60. World Bank, Washington DC, USA.

Watts, D. P. (1984) Composition and variability of mountain gorilla diets in the central Virungas. American Journal of Primatology 7, 323-356.

Watts, D. P. (1985) Observations on the ontogeny of feeding behavior in mountain gorillas. American Journal of Primatology 8, 1-10.

Watts, D. P. (1985) Relations between group size and composition and feeding competition in mountain gorilla groups. Animal Behaviour 33, 72-85.

Watts, D. P. (1987) Effects of mountain gorilla foraging activities on the productivity of their food plant species. African Journal of Ecology 25, 155-163.

Watts, D. P. (1988) Environmental influences on mountain gorilla time budgets. American Journal of Primatology 15, 195-211.

Watts, D. P. (1989) Infanticide in mountain gorillas: New cases and a reconsideration of the evidence. Ethology 81, 1-18.

Watts, D. P. (1989) Ant eating behavior of mountain gorillas. Primates 30, 121-125.

Watts, D. P. (1990) Social relationships of immigrate female mountain gorillas. Amer. J. phys. Anthropol. 81:314-315

Watts, D. P. (1990) Mountain gorilla life histories, reproductive competition, and sociosexual behavior and some implications for captive husbandry. Zoo Biology 9, 185-200.

Watts, D. P. (1990) Ecology of gorillas and its relation to female transfer in mountain gorillas. International Journal of Primatology 11, 21-45.

Watts, D. P. (1991) Strategies of habitat use by mountain gorillas. Folia Primatologica 56, 1-16.

Watts, D. P. (1991) Mountain gorilla reproduction and sexual behavior. American Journal of Primatology 24, 211-225.

Watts, D. P. (1991) Harassment of immigrant female mountain gorillas by resident females. Ethology 89:135-153.

Watts, D. P. (1992) Social relationships of immigrant and resident female mountain gorillas. I. male-female relationships. American Journal of Primatology 28, 159-181.

Watts, D. P. (1994) Agonistic relationships between female mountain gorillas. Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology 334, 347-358.

Watts, D. P. (1994) Social relationships of immigrant and resident female mountaing gorillas. II. relatedness, residence, and relationships between females. American Journal of Primatology 32, 13-30.

Watts, D. P. (1994) The influence of male mating tactics on habitat use in mountain gorillas. Primates 35, 35-47.

Watts, D. P. (1995) Post-conflict social events in wild mountain gorillas. I. social interactions between opponents. Ethology 100, 139-157.

Watts, D. P. (1995) Post-conflict social events in wild mountain gorillas. II. redirection, side direction, and consolation. Ethology 100, 158-174.

Watts, D. P. (1997) Agonistic interventions in wild mountain gorilla groups. Behaviour 134, 23-57.

Watts, D. P. (1998) A preliminary study of selective visual attention in female mountain gorillas. Primates 39, 71-78.

Watts, D. P. (1998) Long-term habitat use by mountain gorillas. 1. consistency, variation and home range size and stability. International Journal of Primatology 19, 651-680.

Watts, D. P. (1998) Long-term habitat use by mountain gorillas. 2. reuse of foraging areas in relation to resource abundance, quality, and depletion. International Journal of Primatology 19, 681-702.

Watts, D. P. (2000) Causes and consequences of variation in male mountain gorilla life histories and group membership. PP. 169-197 in: Kappeler, P. M. (ed.) Primate males. Cambridge (Cambridge University Press).

Watts, D. P. & Hess, J. (1988) Twin birth in wild mountain gorillas. Oryx 22, 5-6.

Weber, B. (1985) Le Parc National des Volcans Biosphere Reserve: cooperation between conservation and development. Parks 10 (3), 19-21.

Weber, A. W. & Vedder, A. (1983) Population dynamics of the Virunga gorillas: 1959-1978. Biological Conservation 26(4), 341-366.

Williamson, E. A. & Gerald-Steklis, N. (2001) Composition of gorilla Gorilla beringei groups monitored by Karisoke Research Centre, 2001. African Primates 5 (1 & 2), 48-51.

Yamagiwa, J. (1986) Activity rhythm and the ranging of a solitary male mountain gorilla. Primates 27, 273-282.

Yamagiwa, J. (1987) Intra- and inter-group interactions of an all-male group of mountain gorillas. Primates 28, 1-30.

Yamagiwa, J. (1987) Male life histories and the social structure of wild mountain gorillas. Pp. 31-51 in: Kawano, S., Connell, J. H. & Hidaka, T. (eds.) Evolution and coadaptation in biotic communities. Tokyo (University of Tokyo Press).

Yamagiwa, J. (1992) Functional analysis of social staring behavior in an all-male group of mountain gorillas. Primates 33, 523-544.

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